Q&A: Acoustic neuroma with Dr. Vincent DiNapoli
Q: How and why does an acoustic neuroma develop?
A: Acoustic neuromas are tumors of the nerve sheath. These tumors can arise from the sheath of any nerve, but they are most common on the vestibular portion of the acoustic nerve. They are correctly called vestibular schwannomas, because they arise from the vestibular or balance component of the eighth cranial nerve. But historically they are known as acoustic tumors. Neuromas can, of course, arise from the facial nerve or any other peripheral or central nerve of the body. Commonly, acoustic neuromas arise at the area where the nerve leaves the petrous bone, near where the nerve connects to the arachnoid layer of the brain’s covering. There is a transition in the nerve sheath at this location that accounts for the common site of tumor origin.
What causes these tumors? There are no known risk factors. Like all tumors, a mutation occurs that leads to the unchecked replication of the cells. The genetic cause of acoustic tumors can be inherited in a disease called neurofibromatosis, a genetic disorder of dominant inheritance that is passed down with 50 percent penetrance from parent to child. Neurofibromatosis type II leads to 1) bilateral acoustic neuromas (tumors on both sides); 2) tumors on multiple other nerves in the body; and 3) a much higher presence of meningioma, another benign tumor of the covering of the skull and spine.
Q: What is the latest information about cell phone usage and acoustic neuroma?
A: There has been much interest and controversy in the past decade regarding the possible role of mobile phones as a cause of brain tumors. More than two dozen epidemiologic studies published since 1999 have tried to examine the role of mobile phones in the etiology of brain tumors. In 2011 the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), an arm of the World Health Organization, released a statement describing cell phone use as a possible cancer risk.
The IARC placed the use of cell phones in the same category for cancer risk as 266 other environmental agents, including coffee, Styrofoam, lead, engine exhaust and chloroform. A team of 31 scientists from 14 countries, including the United States, evaluated exposure data, studies of cancer in humans, studies of cancer in experimental animals, and mechanistic and other relevant data to reach their conclusion. They concluded that there appeared to be a positive association between wireless telephones and both acoustic neuroma and glioma (a malignant brain tumor). However, a cause and effect relationship has not been proven. Overall, the science is very suggestive that glioma and acoustic neuroma increased in cell phone users after 10 years of use, and the effect is more pronounced in children's brains.
A French study published in 2014 found that people with the longest cumulative duration of calls, or more than 896 hours on the phone, were about twice as likely to have a glioma or meningioma than people who had talked less.
Q: How do you decide whether surgery is appropriate?
A: The general guidelines are based on the tumor’s size and the patient’s age, medical condition, and opinion of which treatment is preferable. Because the tumor is benign in most cases, observing the tumor to determine its growth pattern and growth rate is appropriate. For example, it is not essential to remove a small tumor in a person who is 70 years old. In that case we would observe the tumor to determine what happens over a period of years. Small tumors also can be treated on an outpatient basis with fractionated radiation – the delivery of highly focused beams of radiation through the skull. The preservation of hearing with radiation is in excess of 60 percent, which cannot be accomplished with surgical removal. So smaller tumors with slow growth may be better treated with radiotherapy.
Tumors that are 2.5 centimeters and larger may be best treated with surgery. Removal is preferred when the tumor becomes big enough to press against the brain or to threaten neurological function. But the patient must be capable of undergoing surgery, and the anesthesia risk must be acceptable. If the patient is not healthy enough to safely undergo anesthesia, radiation treatments or observation may be more appropriate.
Through research we have learned that – in some patients -- subtotal removal may be better than attempting total removal by surgery. During subtotal removal, most of the tumor is removed, and the devascularized capsule is separated from its blood supply. The facial nerve, hearing function, and all the other critical brain and nerve functions are spared. The University of Cincinnati is collaborating with Stanford University in a study to evaluate the effect of subtotal removal in patients who have tumors larger than 2.5 centimeters. Current data indicate better operative results and infrequent recurrence of tumors.
Q: What potential complication is most worrisome during conventional surgery?
A: The first thing is the risk to the patient from the anesthetic. It is vital that the patient have a safe anesthetic experience. The patient must be in healthy condition going into surgery for a benign tumor so that anesthetic administration does not pose a major risk. Second, so we must seek to preserve all neurologic function, including hearing. If the patient has already lost some hearing or has virtually no hearing function, restoration cannot be expected. So we concentrate on preserving function of the facial nerve, which is extremely important to the patient. We discovered in our last study, when we evaluated patients from the Acoustic Neuroma Association, that facial dysfunction was the most troublesome result of surgery. The second most troublesome result was hearing loss.
Q: At the Mayfield Clinic is the surgical removal of an acoustic neuroma always performed by a team of specialists?
A: Yes, a team of specialists works together before, during, and after treatment of an acoustic neuroma. The surgical team includes two otolaryngologists, two neurosurgeons, and two neurotologists. Because treatment frequently involves radiosurgery – eradication of the tumor with highly focused beams of radiation -- specialists in radiation oncology also are a part of our team. Rehabilitation specialists and physical therapists are part of the team, and on infrequent occasions when genetic issues arise, a geneticist is consulted to evaluate and advise the family and patient.
Q: Is a team approach to acoustic neuroma surgery used at all hospitals?
A: No, not all hospitals use a team approach. However, the Acoustic Neuroma Association strongly recommends that people seek medical attention from physicians who work together.
Q: Does research demonstrate that a team approach leads to better outcomes?
A: Dr. Fred Barker, Associate Professor of Neurosurgery at the Harvard Medical School and Director of the Cranial Base Center at Massachusetts General Hospital, has documented in his studies that the more experienced surgeons have better outcomes. Teamwork has also been documented to lead to better outcomes. My personal experience confirms that the art of removing an acoustic neuroma involves a learning curve. It takes a significant period of time to develop the microsurgical technique necessary to do it well. Getting the best results also requires having access to monitoring techniques that allow you to evaluate facial nerve, hearing, and brain function during the procedure.
Q: How many acoustic neuroma cases are treated at your center?
A: Nearly 60 cases per year. An increasing number of our patients – nearly one-third – receive radiation as their first primary treatment for acoustic neuroma. The others are observed or treated by surgery.
Q: Do you have any specific advice for patients?
A: Individuals who have been diagnosed with acoustic neuroma should take the time to study and evaluate their condition and consult with the Acoustic Neuroma Association. When the tumor is benign, the individual has ample time to study, to consult with teams of physicians, and to determine who has the best results and who best meets his or her needs. Patients should ask surgeons about their qualifications, the number of procedures they do, and their results. In a condition as specialized as acoustic neuroma, patients should ask about the physician’s patients who have been previously treated, whether they can talk to some of these patients, whether the physician is a member of the Acoustic Neuroma Association, and whether the physician encourages participation in the association. I advise every patient to seek the very best treatment and education available.
Disclaimer
The information in this Q&A is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, nor is it intended to serve as medical diagnosis or treatment. The information is presented for the sole purpose of disseminating health information. It is not intended and must not be taken to be the provision or practice of medical, nursing, or professional health care advice or services in any jurisdiction. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider if you have questions regarding a medical condition, and always seek the advice of your physician or provider before starting any new treatment. The information about drugs contained in this Q&A is general in nature and is intended for use as an educational aid. It does not cover all possible uses, actions, precautions, side effects, or interactions of these medicines. As such, the information is not intended to serve as medical advice for individual problems or for making an evaluation as to the risks and benefits of taking a particular drug.
MRI scans of small (intracanalicular), medium, and large sizes of acoustic neuromas.
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